Kiabi, B.H. et al. 2004. Population status, biology and ecology of the Maral, Cervus elaphus maral, in Golestan National Park, Iran. – Zoology in the Middle East 33, 2004: 125–138.

Panahandeh et al. 2016. Analysis of habitat changes of Caspian red deer (Cervus elaphus maral Gray, 1850) based on temporal changes of effective area and functional connectivity ‒ a case study of lisar protected area. - APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 71-83.

Panahandeh, M. et al. 2017. Assessing the structural changes of Maral habitat (Cervus elaphus maral) based on analysis of temporal changes of habitat suitability layer and landscape ecology metrics in Lisar protectd areas in Guilan. – J. Anim. Environm. 8 (4): 1-8.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_red_deer

Höglund, J., Cortazar-Chinarro, M., Jarnemo, A., Thulin, C-G. 2013. Genetic variation and structure in Scandinavian red deer (Cervus elaphus): influence of ancestry, past hunting, and restoration management, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 109, Issue 1, May 2013, Pages 43–53, https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12049

Maral – Cervus elaphus maral